Tuesday, May 27, 2025

Is Work Taking Away Time for Family, Relationships, and Personal Fulfillment?

    In today’s fast-paced world, work often dominates our lives, leaving little time for family, hobbies, and self-care. The average person spends the majority of their waking hours at work or commuting, a routine that raises questions about the impact on personal relationships and overall happiness. Is this work-life balance truly sustainable, or does it sacrifice too much of what makes life fulfilling?


The Imbalance Between Work and Personal Life

Time Spent at Work

  • The average full-time employee works 8-10 hours a day, not including commute time.
  • Over a lifetime, this adds up to 90,000 hours spent working—often more than the time spent with loved ones.

Impact on Family Relationships

  • Long working hours can lead to missed milestones, such as a child’s first steps or a partner’s special achievements.
  • A lack of quality time can weaken family bonds, leading to feelings of detachment and loneliness.
  • The stress of work often spills over into family life, creating conflicts and emotional strain.

Impact on Friendships and Romantic Relationships

  • Friendships may fade as work obligations leave little room for socializing.
  • Romantic relationships often suffer when one or both partners prioritize work over connection.

The Decline of Hobbies and Personal Growth

  • Work schedules leave little time for hobbies, creative pursuits, or learning new skills.
  • This can lead to a sense of stagnation and unfulfilled potential.

Cultural Expectations and the "Hustle Mentality"

Many cultures glorify the idea of overworking as a sign of success, often referred to as the "hustle mentality." This societal pressure can make people feel guilty for spending time on themselves or their families instead of their jobs.

The Risks of Overworking

  • Burnout: Prolonged stress and exhaustion can harm both mental and physical health.
  • Strained Relationships: Prioritizing work over family and friends can lead to isolation.
  • Loss of Identity: People may begin to define themselves solely by their careers, losing touch with their passions and values.

The Value of Time with Family and Loved Ones

Stronger Relationships

  • Spending time with family creates memories and strengthens bonds that sustain us through tough times.
  • Shared experiences with loved ones contribute to emotional well-being and life satisfaction.

Mental and Emotional Health

  • Engaging in hobbies and leisure activities helps reduce stress and improve overall happiness.
  • Quality time with friends and family provides emotional support that enhances resilience.

Reimagining Work-Life Balance

Flexible Work Schedules

  • Remote work and flexible hours allow employees to spend more time with family.
  • Policies like the four-day workweek are being adopted in some countries, showing promising results in productivity and personal satisfaction.

Prioritizing People Over Profit

  • Employers who recognize the importance of work-life balance can create healthier and more productive workplaces.
  • Offering generous parental leave, mental health days and family-friendly benefits supports employees’ personal lives.

Shifting Cultural Expectations

  • Redefining success to include personal fulfillment, not just professional achievements, can help society move away from the "hustle mentality."

Why Family, Relationships, and Hobbies Matter

At the end of life, most people don’t reflect on the hours they spent at work but rather on the relationships they built and the memories they created. Family, friendships, and personal growth are the cornerstones of a fulfilling life. While work is necessary to sustain us financially, it’s equally important to nurture the aspects of life that make it truly meaningful.


Conclusion

Work is a significant part of life, but it shouldn’t overshadow what matters most—our connections with loved ones and the time we spend pursuing our passions. By advocating for a better balance between work and personal life, we can create a society where people have the opportunity to thrive, both professionally and personally.

Tuesday, May 20, 2025

The Oligarchs vs. The Restricted Class: Two Sides of the Economic Divide

 Society has long recognized oligarchs—the ultra-wealthy elite who control economies, governments, and industries. They are the ones who benefit from the current system and work to ensure it remains in place. But what about the other side of the equation? The Restricted Class, made up of the poor and middle class, are the people who struggle under these conditions, seeking change not out of luxury, but out of necessity.

If oligarchs use their immense wealth to secure their dominance, the Restricted Class must fight against the system just to survive. They are locked out of economic mobility, restricted by wages, debt, and policies that ensure the concentration of power remains at the top.

What Defines the Restricted Class?

The Restricted Class consists of those who, despite working hard, remain trapped by financial limitations and systemic barriers. This includes:

  • Low-wage workers who never see the benefits of economic growth.
  • The middle class burdened by debt and rising costs, unable to secure long-term stability.
  • Entrepreneurs and small business owners who struggle to compete with monopolies and corporate dominance.
  • The unemployed or underemployed who are shut out of opportunities due to automation, outsourcing, and market shifts.

While oligarchs manipulate systems to expand their wealth, the Restricted Class is forced to navigate economic uncertainty, often sacrificing well-being and personal goals just to survive.

Why the Restricted Class Wants Change

Unlike oligarchs, who benefit from the current system, the Restricted Class has everything to gain from changing it. Here’s why:

  • The System Works Against Them: The cost of living rises while wages stagnate, making financial security nearly impossible.
  • Upward Mobility is an Illusion: The traditional path to success—education, hard work, and saving—no longer guarantees stability.
  • They See the Corruption Clearly: Unlike oligarchs who benefit from wealth-hoarding policies, the Restricted Class experiences the consequences firsthand.
  • Technology is Replacing Labor: As automation and AI reduce job availability, the struggle to stay financially afloat intensifies.

Many in the Restricted Class are not just looking for reform—they are questioning the entire system. Ideas like post-currency societies, universal access to resources, and new economic models are emerging as potential alternatives to the current wealth-based hierarchy.

The Divide Between the Oligarchs and the Restricted Class

While the oligarchs work tirelessly to maintain control through lobbying, policy manipulation, and corporate monopolization, the Restricted Class is left to fend for themselves. This divide plays out in several ways:

  • Political Influence: Oligarchs use wealth to sway elections and shape policies in their favor. The Restricted Class has little voice in decision-making.
  • Financial Security: The ultra-rich live without economic fear, while the Restricted Class lives paycheck to paycheck.
  • Opportunities: The wealthy pass down generational wealth and connections. The Restricted Class must work multiple jobs just to afford basic needs.

Conclusion

The Restricted Class represents the majority of people struggling under an economic system that favors oligarchs. While those at the top work to maintain power, those at the bottom push for systemic change—not out of ideology, but out of necessity.

For the Restricted Class, the fight isn’t about luxury—it’s about survival. The question is, how long will they allow a system designed to keep them restricted to remain in place?

Tuesday, May 13, 2025

We Need Rep Housing More Than Rep Clothing: Rethinking What’s Truly Essential

 In today’s world, "reps"—or replicas—are everywhere. From clothing and accessories to electronics, people turn to affordable alternatives when brand-name items are out of reach. But while fashion reps dominate the conversation online, there’s a more critical kind of replica that isn’t getting enough attention: rep housing.

As housing costs skyrocket and homelessness rises, it's time to ask:
Why are we prioritizing replica fashion over affordable replica housing?


The Rise of Replica Culture

The growing popularity of rep clothing is driven by economic reality. People want to express themselves, fit in, or enjoy high fashion without going into debt. But clothing—especially with how cheap it can be through thrift stores or fast fashion—is not a necessity on the same level as housing.

Key Differences:

  • Clothing can be thrifted, reused, shared, and bought for as little as $5.

  • Housing, however, has no cheap or accessible "rep" alternative for the average person.


What Is Rep Housing?

"Rep housing" could refer to prefabricated homes, modular construction, or replica housing units made affordably through standardized manufacturing.

These homes are:

  • Cheaper to build

  • Faster to assemble

  • Easier to scale

  • Often eco-friendly

  • Customizable to community needs

Just like replica shoes and bags copy the look and function of high-end items, rep housing provides the core function of a home without the luxury markup.


Why We Need Rep Housing Now

The global housing crisis has made owning or even renting a place to live unaffordable for millions. Wages haven’t kept up with inflation, and governments struggle to keep pace with growing demand.

Consider this:

  • You can live without designer clothes, but you can’t live without shelter.

  • Many countries have more empty homes than homeless people.

  • The cost to build a single luxury condo could create multiple rep homes.


The Benefits of Rep Housing

Affordable Shelter – Offers a stable place to live for low-income individuals or families.
Rapid Deployment – Prefab homes can be built in days, not months.
Urban & Rural Use – Suitable for cities, rural areas, or emergency housing zones.
Lower Environmental Impact – Uses fewer materials and produces less waste.
Customizable & Scalable – Designs can evolve based on community needs.


Rep Housing Could Save Lives

Imagine a world where housing is treated with the same enthusiasm and creativity as fashion reps—shared in communities, innovated by creators, and supported by a movement.

We could:

  • Replace tent cities with prefab housing villages.

  • Build self-sufficient rep housing communities with solar energy and shared resources.

  • Normalize functional, low-cost homes instead of worshipping real estate markets.


Conclusion: Time to Shift Priorities

While fashion reps help people look the part, rep housing can help people survive. In a system where profit is prioritized over people, it's no surprise we have reps for clothes but not homes. But it doesn't have to be this way.

Rep housing is not a fantasy—it's an underused solution to a growing crisis. With the right investment and vision, we can house people affordably, sustainably, and quickly.

Let’s start valuing shelter over status symbols.

Tuesday, May 6, 2025

World’s First President to Eliminate Poverty: A Historic Possibility?

     Poverty has persisted as a challenge throughout human history, shaping societies and individuals across the globe. Despite technological advancements and the accumulation of unprecedented wealth, poverty remains one of the most significant global issues. Could the world see a leader, such as a president, who effectively eliminates poverty for the first time in human history? This vision is tantalizing yet complex, and it invites us to explore the possibilities, challenges, and implications.


The Historical Struggle Against Poverty

Efforts to combat poverty date back centuries, with governments, nonprofits, and activists working tirelessly to improve living conditions. Progress has been made from the establishment of welfare systems to global initiatives like the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, but eradication remains elusive.

Despite these efforts, billions still live below the poverty line, struggling to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and healthcare. Historically, poverty has been perpetuated by systemic inequality, corruption, and a lack of universal solutions.


What Would It Take to Eliminate Poverty?

To eliminate poverty, systemic changes must occur on multiple levels:

  1. Economic Redistribution: A fairer distribution of resources, potentially through progressive taxation or universal basic income, could provide a safety net for the poorest.
  2. Universal Access to Education: Education breaks the cycle of poverty by empowering individuals with skills for better-paying jobs.
  3. Healthcare for All: Affordable healthcare can prevent individuals from falling into poverty due to medical expenses.
  4. Housing Solutions: Policies addressing the housing crisis, such as rent controls or affordable housing projects, could drastically reduce poverty levels.
  5. Job Creation Through Innovation: Investment in emerging industries, renewable energy, and infrastructure could create employment opportunities.

Challenges of Eliminating Poverty

Even the most well-intentioned leaders face significant hurdles:

  • Political Resistance: Policies aimed at reducing poverty often encounter pushback from influential groups or individuals benefiting from the status quo.
  • Economic Disparities Between Nations: Global poverty requires international cooperation, which is challenging due to differing political and economic agendas.
  • Corruption and Mismanagement: Funds and programs intended to fight poverty can be undermined by corruption.

A World Without Poverty: The Benefits

The elimination of poverty would transform societies:

  • Economic Growth: A well-fed, educated, and healthy population contributes more effectively to the economy.
  • Reduced Crime Rates: Poverty is a significant driver of crime. Addressing it could lead to safer communities.
  • Improved Mental and Physical Health: Stress from financial instability often leads to health issues. Eliminating poverty could enhance overall well-being.
  • Social Cohesion: Bridging the gap between the rich and poor fosters unity and stability.

Would a President Be Remembered Forever?

A president who successfully eliminates poverty would undoubtedly earn a unique place in history. However, the path to such an achievement requires more than individual leadership. It demands systemic reforms, bipartisan cooperation, and a global effort to tackle the roots of inequality.


Can It Happen in Our Lifetime?

The question isn't whether it's possible but whether humanity will prioritize it. While the vision of eliminating poverty is grand, it requires relentless dedication, innovation, and courage from leaders and citizens alike. If achieved, the world's first poverty-eliminating president would not only reshape their nation but inspire a global movement toward justice and equality.

Tuesday, April 29, 2025

The Ageism Dilemma: The Challenges of Being Old and Young in Today’s Society

     Ageism—prejudice or discrimination based on age—is an issue that affects people across the spectrum of life. Whether you’re young and inexperienced or older and perceived as outdated, society often assigns limiting stereotypes that impact opportunities, dignity, and quality of life.

In this blog post, we’ll explore how ageism impacts both ends of the age spectrum, particularly in the workplace, and examine the broader consequences of age-based discrimination in society.


What Is Ageism?

Ageism refers to biased attitudes or practices that marginalize people because of their age. While it’s often associated with older adults, ageism can also negatively affect younger individuals.


The Role of Median Age in Addressing Ageism

The median age—the midpoint of a population's age distribution—offers valuable insight into societal challenges:

  • Younger Societies: Nations with a low median age may struggle with unemployment and inexperience but have vibrant, growing workforces.
  • Older Societies: Countries with higher median ages face workforce shrinkage and rising healthcare demands, which can exacerbate age-related discrimination.
  • Balanced Societies: Regions with a median age in the 30s or 40s often balance innovation and stability but still face ageism challenges across industries.

A society’s median age shapes workforce policies, economic priorities, and intergenerational dynamics, highlighting the need for age-inclusive practices.


The Downsides of Being Young

  1. Inexperience Stereotype:

    • Younger workers are often labeled as inexperienced or incapable, regardless of their actual skills or qualifications.
    • Entry-level job postings frequently demand years of experience, creating barriers for those starting their careers.
  2. Low Wages and Exploitation:

    • Young workers are more likely to face low-paying roles or unpaid internships, which perpetuate financial instability.
    • Employers may take advantage of their eagerness to gain experience by overworking them for minimal pay.
  3. Lack of Respect:

    • Young people often struggle to have their ideas taken seriously in professional or social settings.
    • Phrases like "you’re too young to understand" diminish their contributions and discourage innovation.
  4. Pressure to Conform:

    • Societal expectations force young people to pursue traditional career paths or lifestyles, even when alternative paths might suit them better.

The Downsides of Being Old

  1. Workplace Discrimination:

    • Older workers face challenges in securing jobs due to perceptions that they lack technological skills or adaptability.
    • Many employers view older employees as expensive due to higher salaries and healthcare costs.
  2. Social Isolation:

    • As people age, they often lose social connections, leading to isolation and loneliness, which can negatively affect mental health.
  3. Healthcare Barriers:

    • Older adults may struggle with access to affordable and adequate healthcare, despite their increased need for medical services.
  4. Dismissal of Experience:

    • Older individuals are sometimes seen as "outdated" or unable to keep up with modern trends, disregarding the value of their experience and wisdom.

Ageism in the Workplace

  1. Young Workers:

    • Often overlooked for leadership roles or promotions, despite having innovative ideas or fresh perspectives.
    • Face job insecurity as employers assume they are less committed to long-term employment.
  2. Older Workers:

    • Frequently forced into early retirement or denied promotions.
    • Struggle to transition into new industries due to outdated hiring practices or stereotypes.

Societal Impacts of Ageism

  1. Economic Consequences:

    • Ageism wastes talent and potential across age groups. When younger workers are underutilized and older workers are prematurely retired, the economy loses valuable contributions.
  2. Intergenerational Tension:

    • Ageism fosters division between age groups, leading to resentment and misunderstandings.
    • Societal progress slows when collaboration between generations is hindered.
  3. Mental Health Implications:

    • Ageism leads to feelings of inadequacy, depression, and anxiety for both young and older individuals.

Breaking Down Ageism: Steps Toward Inclusivity

  1. Challenge Stereotypes:

    • Encourage workplaces to value contributions from all age groups equally.
    • Highlight success stories of both young and older individuals to combat stereotypes.
  2. Promote Lifelong Learning:

    • Provide opportunities for older adults to upskill or reskill, allowing them to stay relevant in the job market.
    • Ensure that younger workers have access to mentorship and training to build experience.
  3. Policy Reforms:

    • Advocate for stronger anti-age discrimination laws in hiring, promotions, and layoffs.
    • Support programs that address healthcare and financial security for older adults.
  4. Foster Intergenerational Collaboration:

    • Encourage mentorship programs where older workers share wisdom and younger workers bring fresh perspectives.
    • Promote team environments that value diverse age groups.

The Path Forward: A Society for All Ages

Ageism limits potential at every stage of life. By addressing its root causes and promoting inclusion, society can ensure that everyone, regardless of age, has the opportunity to thrive. Whether you’re young and ambitious or older and experienced, your value is not defined by your age but by the contributions you can make.

By breaking down these barriers, we can create a world where age is not a limitation but an asset, benefiting individuals and society as a whole.

Tuesday, April 22, 2025

The System Is Corrupt, So Why Don’t We Change It? A Stark Warning for Humanity

 In conversations about modern life, one phrase echoes consistently: "The system is corrupt." From government scandals to corporate greed and systemic inequalities, the evidence of corruption is overwhelming. Yet, despite this widespread acknowledgment, meaningful action to change the system remains elusive.

The consequences of complacency are dire. History reminds us that corruption, left unchecked, can lead to the erosion of rights, widespread inequality, and even a regression into modern forms of slavery. Let’s explore why this corruption persists, why few act to change it, and the dangers of failing to act.


The Ubiquity of Corruption

Corruption in modern systems is not limited to one sphere; it pervades across:

  1. Politics: Elected officials prioritize personal gain, lobbyist agendas, or party loyalty over the people’s needs.
  2. Corporations: Monopolies, price gouging, and unethical labor practices exploit workers and consumers.
  3. Economics: Systems designed to enrich the wealthy exacerbate income inequality and leave the working class struggling to survive.

Why Don’t We Fight for Change?

  1. Disempowerment and Distrust:

    • Many people feel powerless to challenge entrenched systems.
    • Distrust in alternatives or movements often leads to apathy, with individuals believing change is either impossible or too risky.
  2. Distractions and Survival Mode:

    • The daily grind of working to survive leaves little time or energy for activism.
    • Modern distractions, like social media and entertainment, often divert attention from systemic issues.
  3. Fear of Reprisal:

    • Challenging the system can lead to personal loss—financial, social, or even legal repercussions.
    • Historical examples, such as whistleblowers facing exile or imprisonment, discourage others from speaking out.
  4. Normalization of Corruption:

    • Over time, corruption becomes so ingrained in society that it’s seen as a “necessary evil.”
    • People adapt to injustice rather than resist it, rationalizing that “it’s just how things are.”

The Warning Signs of a Corrupt System

Corruption doesn’t just stagnate; it snowballs. When unchecked, it can lead to:

  1. Erosion of Rights:

    • Gradual loss of freedoms, such as privacy, free speech, and voting rights, occurs under the guise of “security” or “efficiency.”
    • Once rights are eroded, they are difficult to regain without significant upheaval.
  2. Economic Enslavement:

    • Rising debt, stagnant wages, and lack of upward mobility trap people in cycles of poverty, creating a modern form of slavery.
    • Workers are forced to accept exploitative conditions simply to survive.
  3. Social Polarization:

    • Corruption breeds distrust among communities, exacerbating divisions and preventing unified action.
    • Distracted by infighting, the populace becomes easier to control.
  4. Collapse of Accountability:

    • Without consequences, leaders and corporations act with impunity, deepening corruption and its impact on society.

The Cost of Inaction

Failing to address corruption in the system has far-reaching consequences:

  1. Backsliding Into Oppression:

    • Once a system no longer serves its people, it often turns against them.
    • Examples in history—totalitarian regimes, forced labor camps, and authoritarian takeovers—illustrate the dangers of unchecked corruption.
  2. Loss of Progress:

    • Corruption can halt advancements in science, technology, and social equality, as resources are misallocated or innovation is stifled.
    • Societies that fail to address systemic issues risk becoming stagnant or regressive.
  3. Apathy Becomes Complicity:

    • By doing nothing, individuals indirectly enable the continuation of corrupt systems.
    • Complacency allows corruption to deepen, making it harder to reverse over time.

What Can Be Done to Resist a Corrupt System?

  1. Raise Awareness:

    • Share knowledge and educate others about systemic corruption and its consequences.
    • Use platforms to amplify voices advocating for change.
  2. Support Grassroots Movements:

    • Small, localized efforts often lead to significant systemic changes.
    • Support organizations that prioritize transparency, fairness, and accountability.
  3. Demand Accountability:

    • Push for policies that hold leaders and corporations accountable.
    • Support whistleblower protections and investigative journalism to expose corruption.
  4. Imagine Alternative Systems:

    • Study and experiment with new systems that prioritize equality, sustainability, and innovation.
    • Advocate for incremental changes that can lead to broader systemic reform.

A Call to Action: Don’t Let History Repeat Itself

Corruption thrives when good people do nothing. If we don’t challenge the flaws in our systems today, we risk sliding into an era of reduced rights, increased inequality, and modern oppression. The evidence of corruption is undeniable—but so is humanity’s capacity for change.

The time to act is now. Challenge the status quo, demand accountability, and work toward a system that truly serves the people, not just the powerful.

Tuesday, April 15, 2025

Influence Colonialism: How Cultures Are Rewritten Through Media and Power

 Colonialism is often thought of in terms of physical conquest, where one nation invades another, takes its resources, and imposes its rule. However, a modern form of colonialism exists—not through military force, but through influence. This can be seen in how history is rewritten, cultures are reshaped, and narratives are controlled by dominant powers, often for economic, political, or ideological reasons.

This concept, which we’ll call "Influence Colonialism," happens when powerful groups alter the historical, cultural, or social identity of others—whether through media, education, entertainment, or political policies. Unlike traditional colonialism, this form doesn’t require physical occupation, but its effects can be just as lasting.

Examples of Influence Colonialism

  1. Rewriting History with Outsiders

    • Some historical depictions insert foreign figures or races into ancient civilizations, even when there is no historical evidence of interaction.
    • Example: In movies, TV shows, and books, ancient Egypt is often depicted with European-looking figures, despite Egyptians historically being a distinct ethnic group.
    • Example: The inclusion of non-Japanese warriors in samurai-era Japan in Western media, despite strict historical isolationist policies in Japan during that time.
  2. Cultural Appropriation Disguised as "Representation"

    • While representation in media is important, forcing diversity in ways that erase actual history can distort cultural identities.
    • Example: Some historical TV series replace native figures with foreign ones, changing the true lineage of civilizations.
    • Example: Mythologies are altered to include figures from other cultures in ways that never existed historically.
  3. Economic and Political Influence on Culture

    • Modern Western media often promotes certain ideologies, lifestyles, and political views as “universal,” even when they do not fit with other cultures.
    • Example: Social media platforms control narratives, promoting content that aligns with Western values while suppressing local traditions or beliefs.
    • Example: Economic power allows Hollywood and Western corporations to dictate global entertainment, leading to a loss of native film industries and storytelling traditions.
  4. Tech Platforms Shaping Identity

    • Major social media platforms and tech companies primarily come from a few dominant nations, leading to global cultural homogenization.
    • Example: Algorithms on TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube boost content that fits a specific agenda while shadow-banning or deplatforming views that challenge it.
    • Example: The dominance of English-language media shapes how history is remembered, often sidelining non-Western perspectives.

Why Does Influence Colonialism Happen?

  • Economic Control: Whoever controls media, technology, and entertainment controls the narrative.
  • Political Power: Governments and corporations promote their own values globally through soft power.
  • Erasure of Competition: By influencing how history and culture are remembered, powerful nations secure dominance over weaker ones.

Solutions: Reclaiming Cultural Identity

Instead of accepting narratives that distort history, each culture should take control of its own media, platforms, and digital spaces.

  1. Create Independent Media Platforms

    • Instead of relying on Western-controlled apps, countries and cultures can build their own digital ecosystems where they control their own representation.
    • Example: China has its own apps like WeChat and Weibo, bypassing Western social media influence.
  2. Invest in Local Entertainment

    • Support native film, TV, and gaming industries to tell authentic stories that reflect historical truths.
    • Example: Bollywood and Nollywood have grown into massive industries by focusing on their own cultural narratives.
  3. Challenge Historical Inaccuracies

    • Educators, historians, and scholars should actively correct distortions in history books, movies, and media.
    • Example: Online communities fact-check and debunk revisionist history to protect cultural integrity.
  4. Decentralized Tech and Media Ownership

    • Support alternative platforms and independent creators who don’t rely on corporate or government-backed narratives.
    • Example: Using blockchain-based platforms could create censorship-resistant spaces for true historical discussions.

Conclusion

Influence Colonialism may not involve physical occupation, but it erases cultures, distorts history, and shapes global consciousness in ways that benefit those in power. The solution is not isolation but cultural self-determination—owning the narratives, media, and platforms that shape identity.

Would history look different if each culture had full control over its representation? Let’s discuss. How do you see Influence Colonialism shaping the world today?

Econopathic Conditioning: The Psychological Numbness of Economic Genocide

     In a world where millions struggle to survive while others celebrate stock market gains, a disturbing pattern has emerged — a form of c...